The EU potato database (!) (http://www.europotato.org/about) counts 4119 cultivated varieties and 1354 breeding lines. I would agree with 40 "findable" varieties in the UK and probably a bit more for France due to the availability and frequency of farmers market (I live between both countries).
I usually buy Ratte, Cornish Earlies, Charlotte, or the Red ones, and occasionally Belle de Fontenay, Noirmoutier, Jersey.
I didn't know about the stall in Marylebone market, I didn't even know there was a Marylebone market, but I will go and check it out (especially as I live and work near Euston, so not very far, when in London)